The Evolution of Computers

Before learning about evolution of computers, first let us know the definition of a computer.

A computer is an electronic device used for storing and processing data and carrying out sequence of operations. In short, it is a device which is invented to simplify the complicated tasks.

History and Evolution of Computers

The word COMPUTER was first used in a book named as ”The Young Mans Gleanings” written by English writer Richard Braithwait. “I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number” is the line taken from that book which first used the word COMPUTER.
The answer to the question “Who invented the computer?” is not a simple one. Because it is not a single machine but a collection of different complicated parts,so development of each part can be considered as a separate invention. Many Scientists have contributed to the history of computers. Let us go through various computing devices which were developed prior to the existing computer.

Abacus

Many centuries ago when man started to count the numbers, he thought of a device which can trace the numbers and thus came the existence of ABACUS. It was the first counting device which was developed in China more than 3000 years ago. The name Abacus was obtained from Greek word Abax which means slab. This device basically consists of a rectangular wooden frame and beads.
The frame contains horizontal rods and the beads which have holes are passed through the rods. Counting was done by moving the beads from one end of the frame to the other.

Napier ’s Bones

It is a device which contains a set of rods made of bones. It was developed by John Napier, a Scottish Mathematician and hence the device was named as Napier’s Bones. The device was mainly developed for performing multiplication and division. Later in 1614 he also introduced logarithms.

Pascaline

Pascaline is a calculating machine developed by Blaise Pascal, a French Mathematician. It was the first device with an ability to perform additions and subtractions on whole numbers. The device is made up of interlocked cog wheels which contains numbers 0 to 9 on its circumference. When one wheel completes its rotation the other wheel moves by one segment. Pascal patented this device in 1647 and produced it on mass scale and earned a handful of money.

Punched Card System

Punched Card System is used for storing and retrieving data. This was invented by Herman Hollerith, an American Statistician in US Census Bureau. The system stores the data coded in the form of punched holes.

Tabulator

Herman Hollerith also invented Tabulator which was the first step towards programming. The first tabulator which he invented in 1890 was used to operate only on 1890 census cards. As he was a statistician in census bureau, he developed devices to simplify the tasks related to his department.
Later in 1906, Type 1 tabulator was developed with a plug board control panel which allowed it to do different jobs without being rebuilt. His inventions were the basis for the modern information processing industry.

Digital Era

Coming to the digital era, Binary system made its entry into the computer world. According to this system, 0’s and 1’s were used. This system was suggested by Claude Shannon, an American Mathematician.
The first electronic computer was built by Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff, a Physics Professor and Clifford Berry. The computer was names as ABC(Atanasoff-Berry Computer). This computer used vacuum tubes for data storage. It was designed mainly for solving systems of simultaneous equations.
In 1946, General Purpose Computer was developed which contained 18000 valves and used to consume 100kilowatts of power and weighted several tonnes.

Transistors

In 1947, Transistors were introduced into the computers. With the introduction of transistors, computations were simpler and faster.

In 1957, IBM developed FORTRAN.
In 1959, Integrated Circuit(IC) came into existence which was later used in the computers.
In 1960, Mainframe computer was designed which used IC for the first time.
In 1970, Memory chip with 1KB storage capacity was developed by Intel.
In 1975, First micro computer was developed by H. Edward Roberts(now the father of micro computer)
In 1980’s and 1990’s, many modifications and upgradations were done and the usage of chips and various other stuffs changed the computers completely.
Watch out this space for our upcoming articles related to Future of Computers which includes Optical Computing and Surface Computing

5 TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS OF FIXING YOUR COMPUTER

Many of us are so reliant on our computers, that when something goes wrong it's a serious problem—like the power going out or the water getting cut off. Of course you want to get your system back up and running as quickly as you can, but that's often easier said than done. It's no exaggeration to say an almost limitless number of things can go wrong with a computer, because everyone's system and settings are different. It can seem almost impossible knowing where to begin when it comes to troubleshooting your way back to a working machine.
That said, you'd be surprised by just how many issues have the same simple root cause. Before you get professional help—which we'd still advise in a lot of cases—run through these simple measures to see if you can get the problem fixed yourself.

1. Run a thorough virus scan

It's obvious, but it's effective: Fire up your virus scanning software, launch the deepest and most thorough scan available, then leave it to do its work. Note that the most comprehensive type of scan (which looks at the most files and takes the longest time to complete) may not be the scan that your computer is set to run by default, so have a check through the program settings to see what's available. You'll also want to make sure it's totally updated before running the scan so it can catch the most recent wave of bad code.
Antivirus scanners can sometimes miss threats or get disabled by them, so it's worth getting a second opinion. A lot of antivirus developers make lightweight, on-demand scanners you can install alongside your main security software as a second layer of protection—applications like Kaspersky Security Scan for Windows or macOS, or Microsoft Safety Scanner for Windows, or Emsisoft Emergency Kit for Windows.

Windows Defender on Windows 10.

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You'll find more antivirus programs around for Windows because it has a history of being attacked by the greater proportion of malware. While macOS is quite comprehensively locked down, especially if you stick to the Mac App Store for your applications, you can never be 100 percent sure of staying safe, so it's always worth having an antivirus program or two on hand to troubleshoot system problems.
All kinds of computer crashes and slowdowns can be caused by viruses and other malware. It's worth running a scan if your system has become sluggish, or is suddenly behaving strangely, or seems overrun with advertising. If threats are found, your antivirus program will know how to combat them; or if you get a clean bill of health then you can try some other troubleshooting options to fix whatever issue you're having.

2. Update your software

Many computer problems are caused by outdated and un-patched software, from outbreaks of ransomware to glitchy keyboards that refuse to spit out the correct letters when you tap them. Fortunately, many updates are now applied automatically, because they're so important—which is why your computer might suddenly reboot when you weren't expecting it to.
Focus on your operating system first. In Windows you can look for updates by opening up Settings then clicking Update & security; on macOS, launch the App Store from the dock or the Applications screen in Finder, then switch to the Updates tab. Make sure you apply any updates that are pending.

Most software updates should be handled automatically.

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It's important to check for updates to your other applications, including your web browser and your antivirus program, though again this is often handled automatically so you shouldn't have anything to worry about. The update feature should be fairly prominent in any app, but consult the built-in help if you get stuck.
After applying all the updates you can find, your issues might well be fixed, though this is as much of a technique for preventing future problems as it is for fixing existing ones. Make sure as many of your installed applications are updating themselves automatically in the background, and you should run into fewer computer issues as a result.

3. Cut down on the bloat

You might think that leaving older, unused programs on your hard drive is pretty harmless, but as more and more applications mount up, it means your operating system has to work harder, and the files on your computer get broken up more often and spread out further as your computer tries to save them—something known as fragmentation. As a result the amount of free storage space can quickly become limited.
If you've noticed your computer is running more slowly, crashing at odd times, or showing some other kind of buggy behavior, it might be that it's simply creaking under the weight of all the software you've got installed. You can uninstall applications you no longer need from the Apps section of Settings in Windows, or by dragging the app shortcut down to the Trash on macOS. Some macOS apps can be removed from the Launcher by clicking and holding on an icon until it shakes, then clicking the cross icon.

Keep your browser as lean as possible.

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The same goes for your browser—having too many extensions and add-ons installed can lead to a serious slowdown or some erratic behavior, so limit your extensions to the ones you actually need and use. In Chrome, go to More Tools then Extensions from the main app menu; in Firefox choose Add-ons from the main app menu; and in Microsoft Edge, choose Extensions from the main app menu.
If your computer is running low on disk space then it can lead to a number of problems, including occasional crashes and slow performance. As well as removing unneeded apps, try removing unneeded files too, like movies you've already watched or duplicate photos you've got safely backed up somewhere else. Generally speaking, the less bloated your system, the fewer system problems you'll run into.

4. Test your Wi-Fi connection

Of course this troubleshooting technique only applies to internet-related problems—one very specific category of issue. The key to getting your internet up and running again is to work out where the problem lies, and the detective work isn't as difficult as you might think. Once you know what's wrong you can go about trying to fix it.
If you can, plug your laptop or desktop computer straight into your router with an Ethernet cable. If you still don't get internet, and nothing connected to Wi-Fi is getting internet (like phones and tablets), then the problem may well lie with your router hardware or the service provided by your internet service provider—just about your only option is to get on the phone to the company and ask for assistance.

Wi-Fi woes will often have a simple solution.

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If some devices can get online and others can't, then that points to problems with those specific devices. We can't cover every conceivable issue here, but rebooting those devices, updating the software installed on them, and switching Wi-Fi off and then back on again to establish the connection from scratch are good first steps.
If your computer can get online when plugged directly into the router but not when it's browsing over Wi-Fi, you might well be looking at a problem with your Wi-Fi network. We've written before about getting the strongest possible signal around your house, but if that doesn't get you anywhere, then reboot your router and dive into its on-board settings—a quick web search based on the router make and model should surface some information about troubleshooting tricks you can try.

5. Reinstall the operating system

Reinstalling Windows or macOS and starting again from scratch is a more extreme version of the "cut down on the bloat" solution we mentioned above. It wipes out troublesome programs, erases many viruses and types of malware, resets your internet connection settings and generally gives you a blank slate to start from again. You'll want to make sure that you have all your data backed up before starting the reinstallation process.
What makes this worth trying is that Microsoft and Apple have made reinstalling their operating systems so straightforward now. On Windows, you can head to Update & security from Settings and then choose Reset this PC to get started (more here), whereas on macOS you need to hold down Cmd+R as you press the power button to turn on your Mac to launch the Utilities program (more here).

Resetting Windows isn't the long and arduous process it once was.

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By setting your system back to square one, you're theoretically wiping away whatever was causing the issue you're having, though there's no guarantee it'll work. You also need to weigh up the hassle of getting all your applications and files back on the system afterwards, so it's not the right choice for everyone in every situation. In our experience though, we've found it to be an effective fix for a lot of computer ills.

We can't promise that these five tips will solve every problem you're having but they at least enable you to rule out some basic possibilities as far as root causes go. We're also not trying to diminish the importance of your local PC repair shop—and that should be your next port of call if your computer's still struggling at the end of this guide.